The Respondent imposed its creeping measures of indirect expropriation upon the Claimants using a haphazard and unpredictable process, which was informed by two factors. Overall, scaling patterns of many turtle lineages appear to correlate with distinctive behaviors or locomotor habits.ДЄllometry biomechanics evolution locomotion swimming. famous seasonal visitors: nesting Leatherback turtles. Tortoise limb bones showed positive allometry of diameters, as well as long humeri, relative to body mass, potentially reflecting specializations for resisting loads associated with digging. Moreover, softshell limb bones exhibit positive allometry of femoral diameters relative to body mass, potentially helping them maintain their typical benthic position in water by providing additional weight to compensate for shell reduction. For example, flattening of sea turtle humeri was associated with positive allometry (relative to body mass) for the limb bone diameter perpendicular to the flexion-extension plane of the elbow. Although rowing taxa did not show the intermediate scaling patterns we predicted, our data provide other functional insights. Patterns of limb bone scaling with size were compared across lineages using phylogenetic comparative methods. We collected measurements of humeri and femora from specimens representing four functionally divergent turtle clades: sea turtles (marine flappers), softshells (specialized freshwater rowers), emydids (generalist semiaquatic rowers), and tortoises (terrestrial walkers).

Because rowing is regarded as an intermediate locomotor stage between walking and flapping, rowing species might show limb bone flattening intermediate between the tubular shapes of walkers and the flattened shapes of flappers. Release from torsion among rowers could have facilitated the evolution of hydrodynamically advantageous flattened limbs among aquatic species. Studies on limb bone loading in turtles found that torsion is high relative to bending loads on land, but reduced compared to bending during aquatic rowing. Such changes in shape may have been facilitated by changes in limb bone loading in novel aquatic environments. In many cases, such transitions are associated with the evolution of flattened limbs that are used to swim via dorsoventral flapping. Several terrestrial vertebrate clades include lineages that have evolved nearly exclusive use of aquatic habitats.

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